BDS, PGCE

BDS stands for Bachelor of Dental Surgery.

PGCE stands for Post-Graduate Certificate in Endodontics, a one-year certificate program for BDS graduates, developed by IGNOU in collaboration with the Dental Council of India. 

BDS (Bachelor of Dental Surgery):

This is a foundational degree in dentistry, providing a general understanding of dental science and practice. 

PGCE (Post-Graduate Certificate in Endodontics):

This is a specialized, one-year certificate program designed for BDS graduates who want to specialize in endodontics (the study of the pulp and tissues surrounding the tooth). 

It is a 30-credit program, with 14 credits in theory and 16 in practical. 

It's developed by IGNOU (Indira Gandhi National Open University) in collaboration with the Dental Council of India (DCI). 

It is a CPD (Continuing Professional Development) program. 

Eligibility:

To be eligible for the PGCE program, a candidate must be a registered BDS doctor with a degree recognized by the Dental Council of India and must have completed their internship.

Inoculum to Prepare Curd

What is Inoculum:

Inoculum is a substance used for inoculation. The plural of inoculum is inocula.

Inoculum is a biological material that is introduced into a medium to cause a reaction or to increase immunity to a disease. It can be used in a variety of fields, including medicine, microbiology, and industrial microbiology.

Examples of Inoculum:

In medicine: A substance that is introduced into the body to increase immunity to a disease, such as a vaccine.

In microbiology: Cells, tissue, or viruses that are used to inoculate a new culture.

In industrial microbiology: A substance that is introduced into a fermentation medium to produce products like enzymes, drugs, and food products.

Inoculum to Prepare Curd:

Inoculum to prepare curd is a starter culture that contains millions of lactic acid bacteria (LAB). It's added to fresh milk to convert it into curd.

How it works:

The LAB (Lactic Acid Bacteria) in the inoculum multiplies at a suitable temperature.

The LAB produce lactic acid, which coagulates and partially digests the milk protein casein.

This process converts the milk into curd.

Other uses of LAB:

LAB are also used to make other milk products like butter and vinegar.

How to make curd without inoculums:

You can add a few pieces of fresh ginger skin or a dry red chilli with its stalk to lukewarm milk.

Cover the bowl and let it sit for about 12 hours.

The meaning of the words in a poem

Literal meaning:

The literal meaning of a poem is the meaning that ignores imagery, figurative language, symbolism, and any imagination on the part of the reader or poet.

Denotation:

The denotation of a word is the meaning of the word as defined in a dictionary.

Connotation:

The connotation of a word is the overtones or suggestions of additional meaning that a word gains from context.

Tone:

The tone of a poem is the attitude the poet takes toward the subject and theme.

Subject:

The subject of a poem is the topic or event that the poet chooses to engage with.

Theme:

The theme of a poem is what the poem has to say about its subject.